for
.Bodhisattva having subdued Mâra, his firmly fixed mind at rest, thoroughly exhausting the first principle of truth 2, he entered into deep and subtle contemplation, . 1111
Self-contained. Every kind of Sâmadhi in order passed before his eyes. During the first watch he entered on 'right perception 3,' and in recollection all former births passed before his eyes; . 1112
Born in such a place, of such a name, and downwards to his present birth, so through hundreds, thousands, myriads, all his births and deaths he knew; . 1113
Countless in number were they, of every kind and sort; then knowing, too, his family relationships, great pity rose within his heart. . 1114
This sense of deep compassion passed, he once again considered 'all that lives,' and how they moved within the six 4 portions of life's revolution, no final term to birth and death; . 1115
Hollow all, and false and transient (unfixed) as the plantain tree, or as a dream, or phantasy. Then in the middle watch of night, he reached to knowledge (eyes) of the pure Devas 1, . 1116
And beheld before him every creature, as one sees images upon a mirror; all creatures born and born again to die, noble and mean, the poor and rich, . 1117
Reaping the fruit of right or evil doing, and sharing happiness or misery in consequence. First he considered and distinguished evil-doers (works), that such must ever reap an evil birth; . 1118
Then he considered those who practise righteous deeds, that these must gain a place with men or gods; but those again born in the nether hells, (he saw) participating in every kind of misery; . 1119
Swallowing (drinking) molten brass (metal), the iron skewers piercing their bodies, confined within the boiling caldron, driven and made to enter the fiery oven (dwelling), . 1120
Food for hungry, long-toothed dogs, or preyed upon by brain-devouring birds; dismayed by fire, then (they wander through) thick woods, with leaves like razors gashing their limbs, . 1121
While knives divide their (writhing) bodies, or hatchets lop their members, bit by bit; drinking the bitterest poisons, their fate yet holds them back from death. . 1122
Thus those who found their joy in evil deeds, he saw receiving now their direst sorrow; a momentary taste of pleasure here, a dreary length of suffering there; . 1123
A laugh or joke because of others' pain, a crying
out and weeping now at punishment received. Surely if living creatures saw the consequence of all their evils deeds, self-visited, . 1124
With hatred would they turn and leave them, fearing the ruin following--the blood and death. He saw, moreover, all the fruits of birth as beasts, each deed entailing its own return, . 1125
(And) when death ensues born in some other form (beast shape), different in kind according to the deeds. Some doomed to die for the sake of skin or flesh 1, some for their horns or hair or bones or wings, . 1126
Others torn or killed in mutual conflict, friend or relative before, contending thus; (some) burthened with loads or dragging heavy weights, (others) pierced and urged on by pricking goads, . 1127
Blood flowing down their tortured forms, parched and hungry--no relief afforded; then, turning round, (he saw) one with the other struggling, possessed of no independent strength; . 1128
Flying through air or sunk in deep water, yet no place as a refuge left from death. He saw, moreover, those, misers and covetous, born now as hungry ghosts, . 1129
Vast bodies like the towering mountain, with mouths as small as any needle-tube, hungry and thirsty, nought but fire and poison’d flame to enwrap their burning forms within. . 1130
Covetous, they would not give to those who sought, or duped the man who gave in charity, now born among the famished ghosts, they seek for food, but cannot find withal. . 1131
The refuse of the unclean man they fain would
eat, but this is changed and lost (before it can be eaten); oh! if a man believes that covetousness is thus repaid, as in their case, . 1132
Would he not give his very flesh in charity even as Sivi râga did! Then, once more (he saw), those reborn as men, with bodies like some foul sewer, . 1133
Ever moving ’midst the direst sufferings, born from the womb to fear and trembling, with body tender, touching anything its feelings painful, as if cut with knives; . 1134
Whilst born in this condition, no moment free from chance of death, labour, and sorrow, yet seeking birth again, and being born again, enduring pain. . 1135
Then (he saw those who) by a higher merit were enjoying heaven; a thirst for love ever consuming them, their merit ended with the end of life, the five signs 1 warning them of death (their beauty fades), . 1136
Just as the blossom that decays, withering away, is robbed of all its shining tints; not all their associates, living still, though grieving, can avail to save the rest; . 1137
The palaces and joyous precincts empty now, the Devîs all alone and desolate, sitting or asleep upon the dusty earth, weep bitterly in recollection of their loves; . 1138
Those who are born, sad in decay; those who are dead, belovéd, cause of grief; thus ever struggling on, preparing future pain, covetous they seek the joys of heaven, . 1139
Obtaining which, these sorrows come apace; despicable joys! oh, who would covet them! using such mighty efforts (means) to obtain, and yet unable thence to banish pain. . 1140
Alas, alas! these Devas, too, alike deceived--no difference is there! thro’ lapse of ages bearing suffering, striving to crush desire and lust, . 1141
Now certainly expecting long reprieve, and yet once more destined to fall! in hell enduring every kind of pain, as beasts tearing and killing one the other, . 1142
As Pretas parched with direst thirst, as men worn out, seeking enjoyment; although, they say, when born in heaven, 'then we shall escape these greater ills,' . 1143
Deceived, alas! no single place exempt, in every birth incessant pain! Alas! the sea of birth and death revolving thus--an ever-whirling wheel--1144
All flesh immersed within its waves cast here and there without reliance! thus with his pure Deva eyes he thoughtfully considered the five domains of life. . 1145
He saw that all was empty and vain alike! with no dependence! like the plantain or the bubble. Then, on the third eventful watch, he entered on the deep, true 1 apprehension 2; . 1146
He meditated on the entire world of creatures, whirling in life's tangle, born 3 to sorrow; the crowds who live, grow old, and die, innumerable for multitude, . 1147
Covetous, lustful, ignorant, darkly-fettered, with no way known for final rescue. Rightly considering, inwardly he reflected from what source birth and death proceed; . 1148
He was assured that age and death must come from birth as from a source. For since a man has born with him a body, that body must inherit pain (disease). . 1149
Then looking further whence comes birth, he saw it came from life-deeds done elsewhere; then with his Deva-eyes scanning these deeds, he saw they were not framed by Isvara; . 1150
They were not self-caused, they were not personal existences, nor were they either uncaused; then, as one who breaks the first bamboo joint finds all the rest easy to separate, . 1151
Having discerned the cause of birth and death, he gradually came to see the truth; deeds come from upâdâna (cleaving), like as fire which catches hold of grass; . 1152
Upâdâna (tsu) comes from trishnâ (’ngai), just as a little fire enflames the mountains; trishnâ comes from vedanâ (shau), (the perception of pain and pleasure, the desire for rest); . 1153
As the starving or the thirsty man seeks food and drink, so 'sensation' (perception) brings 'desire' for life; then contact (sparsa) is the cause of all sensation, producing the three kinds of pain or pleasure, . 1154
Even as by art of man the rubbing wood produces fire for any use or purpose; sparsa (contact) is born from the six entrances (âyatanas) 1,
(a man is blind because he cannot see the light) 1; . 1155
The six entrances are caused by name and thing, just as the germ grows to the stem and leaf; name and thing are born from knowledge (vigñana), as the seed which germinates and brings forth leaves. . 1156
Knowledge, in turn, proceeds from name and thing, the two are intervolved leaving no remnant; by some concurrent cause knowledge engenders name and thing, whilst by some other cause concurrent, name and thing engender knowledge; . 1157
Just as a man and ship advance together, the water and the land mutually involved 2; thus knowledge brings forth name and thing; name and thing produce the roots (âyatanas); . 1158
The roots engender contact; contact again brings forth sensation; sensation brings forth longing desire; longing desire produces upâdâna; . 1159
Upâdâna is the cause of deeds; and these again engender birth; birth again produces age and death; so does this one incessant round . 1160
Cause the existence of all living things. Rightly illumined, thoroughly perceiving this, firmly established, thus was he enlightened; destroy birth, old age and death will cease; . 1161
Destroy bhava then will birth cease; destroy 'cleaving' (upâdâna) then will bhava end; destroy trishnâ (desire) then will cleaving end; destroy sensation then will trishnâ end; . 1162
Destroy contact then will end sensation; destroy the six entrances, then will contact cease; the six entrances all destroyed, from this, moreover, names and things will cease; . 1163
Knowledge destroyed, names and things 1 will cease; samskâra (names and, things) destroyed, then knowledge perishes; ignorance destroyed, then the samskâra 2 will die; the great Rishi was thus perfected in wisdom (sambodhi). . 1164
Thus perfected, Buddha then devised for the world's benefit the eightfold path, right sight, and so on, the only true path for the world to tread. . 1165
Thus did he complete the end (destruction) of 'self,' as fire goes out for want of grass; thus he had done what he would have men do; he first had found the way of perfect knowledge; . 1166
He finished thus the first great lesson (paramârtha); entering the great Rishi's house 3, the darkness disappeared; light coming on, perfectly silent, all at rest, . 1167
He reached at last the exhaustless source of truth (dharma); lustrous with all wisdom the great Rishi sat, perfect in gifts, whilst one convulsive throe shook the wide earth. . 1168
And now the world was calm again and bright, when Devas, Nâgas, spirits, all assembled, amidst the void raise heavenly music, and make their offerings as the law 4 directs; . 1169
A gentle cooling breeze sprang up around, and
from the sky a fragrant rain distilled; exquisite flowers, not seasonable 1, bloomed; sweet fruits before their time were ripened; . 1170
Great Mandâras 2, and every sort of heavenly precious flower, from space in rich confusion fell, as tribute 3 to the illustrious monk. . 1171
Creatures of every different kind were moved one towards the other lovingly; fear and terror altogether put away, none entertained a hateful thought; . 1172
And all things living in the world with faultless men 4 consorted freely; the Devas giving up their heavenly joys, sought rather to alleviate the sinner's sufferings; . 1173
Pain and distress grew less and less, the moon of wisdom waxed apace; whilst all the Rishis of the Ikshvâku clan who had received a heavenly birth, 1174.
Beholding Buddha thus benefitting men, were filled with joy and satisfaction; and whilst throughout the heavenly mansions religious offerings fell as raining flowers, . 1175
The Devas and the Nâga spirits 5, with one voice, praised the Buddha's virtues; men seeing the religious offerings, hearing, too, the joyous hymn of praise, . 1176
Were all rejoiced in turn; they leapt for unrestrained
joy; Mâra, the Devarâga, only, felt in his heart great anguish. . 1177
Buddha for those seven days, in contemplation lost, his heart at peace, beheld and pondered on the Bodhi tree, with gaze unmoved and never wearying: . 1178
'Now resting here, in this condition, I have obtained,' he said, 'my ever-shifting 1heart's desire, and now at rest I stand, escaped from self 2.' The eyes of Buddha 3 then considered 'all that lives,' . 1179
And forthwith rose there in him deep compassion; much he desired to bring about their welfare (purity), but how to gain for them that most excellent deliverance, . 1180
From covetous desire, hatred, ignorance, and false. teaching (this was the question); how to suppress this sinful heart by right direction; not by anxious use . of outward means, but by resting quietly in thoughtful silence. . 1181
Now looking back and thinking of his mighty vow, there rose once more within his mind a wish to preach the law; and looking carefully throughout the world, he saw how pain and sorrow ripened and increased everywhere. . 1182
Then Brahma-deva knowing his thoughts, and considering 4 it right to request him to advance religion for the wider spread of the Brahma-glory, in the deliverance of all flesh from sorrow, . 1183
Coming, beheld upon the person of the reverend monk all the distinguishing marks of a great preacher, visible in an excellent degree; fixed and unmoved (he sat) in the possession of truth and wisdom, . 1184
Free from all evil impediments, with a heart cleansed from all insincerity or falsehood. Then with reverent and a joyful heart, (great Brahma stood and) with hands joined, thus made known his request: . 1185
'What happiness in all the world so great as when a loving master meets the unwise 1; the world with all its occupants, filled with impurity and dire confusion 2, . 1186
'With heavy grief oppressed, or, in some cases, lighter sorrows, (waits deliverance); the lord of men, having escaped by crossing the wide and mournful sea of birth and death, . 1187
'We now entreat to rescue others--those struggling creatures all engulphed therein; as the just worldly man, when he gets profit, gives some rebate withal 3, . 1188
'So the lord of men enjoying such religious gain, should 4 also give somewhat to living things. The world indeed is bent on large personal gain, and hard it is to share one's own with others; . 1189
'O! let your loving heart be moved with pity towards the world burthened 5 with vexing cares.'
[paragraph continues] Thus having spoken by way of exhortation, with reverent mien he turned back to the Brahma heaven. . 1190
Buddha regarding the invitation of Brahma-deva rejoiced at heart, and his design was strengthened; greatly was his heart of pity nourished, and purposed was his mind to preach. . 1191
Thinking he ought to beg some food, each of the four kings offered him a Pâtra; Tathâgata 1, in fealty to religion, received the four and joined them all in one. . 1192
And now some merchant men were passing by, to whom 'a virtuous friend 2,' a heavenly spirit, said: 'The great Rishi, the venerable monk, is dwelling in this mountain grove, . 1193
'(Affording) in the world a noble field for merit 3; go then and offer him a sacrifice!' Hearing the summons, joyfully they went, and offered the first meal religiously. . 1194
Having partaken of it, then he deeply pondered, who first should hear the law 4; he thought at once of Arâda Kâlâma and Udraka Râmaputra, . 1195
As being fit to accept the righteous law; but now they both were dead. Then next he thought of the five men, that they were fit to hear the first sermon. . 1196
Bent then on this design to preach Nirvâna 1, as the sun's glory bursts thro’ the darkness, so went he on towards Benares, the place where dwelt the ancient Rishis; . 1197
With eyes as gentle as the ox king's, his pace as firm and even as the lion's, because he would convert the world he went on towards the Kâsi 2 city; . 1198
Step by step, like the king of beasts, did he advance watchfully through the grove of wisdom (Uruvilva wood). . 1199
156:1 The condition that looks wisdom face to face.
156:2 'Eternally exhausting the highest truth' (paramartha).
156:3 The word for 'perception' is vedanâ (sheu).
156:4 The six modes of birth (transmigration).
157:1 Deva sight.
158:1 That is, some born as beasts, whose hides are of value, and for which they are killed.
159:1 The five signs are the indications of a Deva's life in heaven coming to an end.
160:1
for
.
160:2 That is, the deep apprehension of truth.
160:3 Sorrow self-natured.
161:1 The six organs of sense.
162:1 This clause is obscure, it may mean, 'blind to darkness therefore he sees.'
162:2 It is difficult to catch the meaning here; literally translated the passage runs thus: 'Water and dry land cause mutual involution.'
163:1 Here evidently equivalent to samskâra.
163:2 Samskâra, i.e. the five skandhas, or constituents of individual life.
163:3 I. e. attained Nirvâna.
163:4 'As the law directs;' that is, 'religious offerings' (dharma dâna).
164:1 'Not seasonable;' that is, out of season; or, before their season.
164:2 The Mahâ Mandâra, or Mandârava; one of the five trees of the paradise of Indra (Wilson); the Erythrina fulgens. See Burnout, Lotus, p. 306.
164:3 As a religious offering to the Muni-lord.
164:4 Wou lau gin, leakless men. It means that all things living consorted freely with the good.
164:5 The Devas, Nâgas, and heavenly spirits (kwei shin).
165:1 My heart which has experienced constant and differing birth-changes.
165:2 Wou-ngo, in a condition without personal (ngo) limitations. The sense seems to be, that, by casting away the limitations of the finite, he had apprehended the idea of the infinite.
165:3 The eye of Buddha; the last of the pañkakakkhus, for which see Childers, Pâli Dict. sub voce.
165:4 The sense may be, 'thinking that he ought to be requested to preach.'
166:1 In the sense of 'the uninstructed.'
166:2 With sense-pollution and distracted heart, oppressed with heavy grief, or, may be, with lighter and less grievous sorrow.
166:3 These lines are obscure; the sense, however, is plainly that given in the text.
166:4 In the way of request, 'would that the lord of men,' &c.
166:5 Oppressed amidst oppressions (calamities).
167:1 Here the Buddha is called Tathâgata. It is a point to be observed that this title is only used after the Bodhisattva's enlightenment.
167:2 There is a great deal said in Buddhist books about this expression 'virtuous,' or, 'good friend.' In general it means Bodhi or wisdom. It is used also in Zend literature to denote the sun (mithra); see Haug (Parsis), p. 209.
167:3 That is, giving the world a noble opportunity of obtaining religious merit. The expression 'field for merit' is a common one, as we say, 'field for work,' 'field for usefulness,' and so on.
167:4 Who ought to be first instructed in religion; or, who should hear the first religious instruction (sermon). The first sermon is that which is sometimes called 'the foundation of the kingdom of righteousness.' It is given further on.
168:1 To preach the law of perfect quietude (quiet extinction; that is, quietness or rest, resulting from the extinction of sorrow).
168:2 That is, Benares.